Legend

Time scale

Era Period Epoch Age Years ago
Mesozoic Cretaceous Late Cretaceous Maastrichtian 66 043 000 – 72 100 000
Campanian 72 100 000 – 83 600 000
Santonian 83 600 000 – 86 300 000
Coniacian 86 300 000 – 89 800 000
Turonian 89 800 000 – 93 900 000
Cenomanian 93 900 000 – 100 500 000
Early Cretaceous Albian 100 500 000 – 113 000 000
Aptian 113 000 000 – 125 000 000
Barremian 125 000 000 – 129 400 000
Hauterivian 129 400 000 – 132 600 000
Valanginian 132 600 000 – 139 800 000
Berriasian 139 800 000 – 145 000 000
Jurassic Late Jurassic Tithonian 145 000 000 – 152 100 000
Kimmeridgian 152 100 000 – 157 300 000
Oxfordian 157 300 000 – 163 500 000
Middle Jurassic Callovian 163 500 000 – 166 100 000
Bathonian 166 100 000 – 168 300 000
Bajocian 168 300 000 – 170 300 000
Aalenian 170 300 000 – 174 100 000
Early Jurassic Toarcian 174 100 000 – 182 700 000
Pliensbachian 182 700 000 – 190 800 000
Sinemurian 190 800 000 – 199 300 000
Hettangian 199 300 000 – 201 300 000
Triassic Late Triassic Rhaetian 201 300 000 – 208 500 000
Norian 208 500 000 – 227 000 000
Carnian 227 000 000 – 237 000 000
Middle Triassic Ladinian 237 000 000 – 242 000 000
Anisian 242 000 000 – 247 200 000
Early Triassic Olenekian 247 200 000 – 251 200 000
Induan 251 200 000 – 251 902 000

 

ESR – Estimated size reliability

ESR – Estimated size reliability
0 No estimate, too fragmentary or no measurements etc.
0.5 Very fragmentary, poor material for example only teeth, phalanx etc, or phylogeny is hard to establish.
1
1.5
2 Isolated bones but these can be compared to more complete specimens.
2.5
3 Base on partial skeleton.
3.5 Base on large part of skeleton.
4 Base on nearly complete or complete skeleton.

 

Definitions

Definitions
nomen dubium “doubtful name”: generic name the type specimen of whose type species is too incomplete to be distinguished from like material belonging to at least two otherwise distinct species; a nomen dubium genus may be a synonym of another genus, but its known material is not considered complete enough to formalize such synonymy; being a nomen dubium does not invalidate a name but does render equally doubtful any other taxonomic names based on that genus.
nomen ex dissertatione “name from dissertation”: generic name created in a dissertation; a particular kind of nomen nudum (see below) excluded from availability because dissertations are not considered publications by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature; because copies of many dissertations are available by purchase to anyone from University Microfilms International, however, generic names created in them are in fact published in accordance with the criteria of the Dinosaur Genera List, so they are listed here when known, and the publication year is the year the document became available from UMI; a nomen ex dissertatione may change when the author formally describes the genus, in which case the replacement name is indicated.
nomen manuscriptum “manuscript name”: formally unpublished name that appears in a manuscript in preparation for publication that has been made publicly available, for example via the Internet; such a name is here counted as a vernacular name, dated the year the manuscript was first made available; if the name is later formally described, its nomen manuscriptum listing is converted into a valid-name listing, with new author(s) and/or date if necessary; if the name is changed upon formal publication, the old vernacular name is retained in the list, along with a pointer to its new valid name.
nomen nudum “naked name”: generic name lacking a description and/or a type specimen for its type species; indicated name, when given, is the scientific name subsequently applied to the material; a nomen nudum is treated as a vernacular name and is not valid in scientific nomenclature.
nomen oblitum “forgotten name”: generic name unused in the scientific literature for at least 50 years after publication and hence at least potentially invalid.
nomen rejectum “rejected name”: generic name rejected by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in favor of the indicated name; depending on the terms of rejection, a nomen rejectum may or may not be a scientifically valid name.
nomen vanum It is a term first applied by Simpson (1945:27) for “names the proper application of which cannot now be determined although they fulfill  the requirements of the Rules.”
nomen protectum name that is protected, against a nomen oblitum.
S > ‘= synonyms- in zoological nomenclature, codified in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, synonyms are different scientific names of the same taxonomic rank that pertain to that same taxon.
nomen ineditum Informal (unpublished) name that appeared in some online sources, forgotten over the years. Probably to be removed from the Database in the future.
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